Biology Prefixes and Suffixes arthr- or arthro-

The prefix (arthr- or arthro-) means a joint or any junction between two different parts. Arthritis is a condition characterized by joint inflammation. Words Beginning With:(arthr- or arthro-) Arthralgia (arthr - algia): pain of the joints.  It is a symptom rather than a disease and can result from injury, allergic reaction, infection, or disease. Arthralgia occurs commonly in the joints of the hands, knees, and ankles. Arthrectomy (arthr - ectomy): the surgical excision (cutting out) of a joint. Arthrempyesis (arthr - empyesis): formation of pus in a joint.  It is also known as arthropyosis and occurs when the immune system has difficulty eliminating the source of infection or inflammation. Arthresthesia (arthr - esthesia): sensation in the joints. Arthritides (arthr - itides): plural form of arthritis. Arthritis (arthr - itis): inflammation of the joints.  Symptoms of arthritis include pain, swelling, and joint stiffness. Types of arthritis include gout and rheumatoid arthritis. Lupus can also cause inflammation in joints as well as in a variety of different organs. Arthrosis (arthr - osis): a degenerative joint disease commonly caused by deterioration of the cartilage around a joint. This condition affects people as they age. Arthrotomy (arthr - otomy): a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in a joint for the purpose of examining and repairing it. Arthrocele (arthro - cele): an older medical term that indicates the swelling of a joint. It can also indicate a synovial membrane hernia. Arthroderm (arthro - derm): the outer covering, shell, or exoskeleton of an arthropod. An arthroderm has a number of joints attached to muscle allowing for movement and flexibility. Arthrodesis (arthro - desis): a surgical procedure that involves the fixation of a joint in order to promote the fusion of bone. It is typically used to treat chronic pain. Arthrofibrosis (arthro - fibrosis): the formation of scar tissue due to some trauma or injury within a joint. The scar tissue inhibits overall joint movement. Arthrogram (arthro - gram): X-ray, fluoroscopy, or MRI used to examine the interior of a joint. An arthrogram is used to diagnose problems such as tears in joint tissues. Arthrogryposis (arthro - gryp - osis): a  congenital joint disorder in which a joint or joints lack the normal range of motion and may be stuck in one position. Arthrokinetic (arthro - kinetic): a physiological term of or relating to joint movement. Arthrology (arthro - logy): a branch of anatomy that focuses on the structure and function of the joints. Arthrolysis (arthro - lysis): a type of surgery performed to repair stiff joints. Arthrolysis involves the loosening of joints that have become stiff due to injury or as a result of a disease such as osteoarthritis. As (arthro-) refers to a joint, (-lysis) means to split, cut, loosen, or untie. Arthromere (arthro - mere): any of the body segments of an arthropod or animal with jointed limbs. Arthrometer (arthro - meter): an instrument used to measure the range of motion in a joint. Arthropathy (arthro - pathy): any disease affecting the joints. Such diseases include arthritis and gout. Facet arthropathy occurs in the joints of the spine, enteropathic arthropathy occurs in the colon, and neuropathic arthropathy results from nerve damage associated with diabetes. Arthropod (arthro - pod): animals of the phylum Arthropoda that have a jointed exoskeleton and jointed legs. Among these animals are spiders, lobsters, ticks and other insects. Arthropodan (arthro - podan): of or relating to arthropods. Arthrosclerosis (arthro - scler - osis): a condition characterized by hardening or stiffening of the joints. As we age, joints may harden and become stiff affecting joint stability and flexibility. Arthroscope (arthro - scope):  an endoscope used for examining the inside of a joint. This instrument consists of a thin, narrow tube attached to a fiber optic camera that is inserted into a small incision near a joint. Arthroscopy (arthro - scopy): surgery or procedure which entails using an arthroscope to visualize the interior of a joint. The purpose of the procedure is to examine or treat the joint in question. Arthrospore (arthro - spore): a fungal or algal cell resembling a spore that is produced by segmentation or breaking of the hyphae. These asexual cells are not true spores and similar cells are produced by some bacteria.

A Love in La and Good Man Hard to Find Essay examples

I observe only one similarity in both stories, which they were on a road and crash cars, this is an only similarity in those two stories which I can think of it. I did not notice any of the characters of both stories in the sense of similarity. But the jack and grandmother were kind of same sense of selfness. The both character think only for them self and want all the intension towards them. Love in L.A, a story of the person whose name is jack and seems like he is very lazy and disappointed from his lifestyle, wants to get some change in his lifestyle. One day jack was driving on a free way in los Angeles, suddenly he hit a car from back side and being a nice guy that he pulled over, he don’t want to but he did for a reason to have a†¦show more content†¦They main themes of those authors are to communicate with the people who have the same mind set for others and also describe the person behavior through those stories. I believe Gilbs was trying to force us to focus on the character and the nature of jack, because he was so desperate, full of laziness, have nothing special in his life and wants some change looking for some excuse to happen that he can turn his lifestyle in 360 degrees and become someone who is not himself. Second thought which I can think of by jack character is jack found himself lucky by crashing his car with beautiful girl who belongs to rich or moderate family, can benefit jack in his life and he can get some advantages from her and become someone else while he was thinking this, the authors wants to end the story different way to avoid his desire and make him hang loose in middle of nowhere. A second opinion on the issue is that the grandmothers final act was not an act of charity and that she is yet again trying to save herself from being murdered. Some say that Flannery OConnor uses the excuse as theShow MoreRelatedLiterature, Love in La, a Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesLove in L.A. by Dagoberto Gilb The setting of this short story is on the freeway of Los Angeles. Jake is a self-absorbed, lazy, irresponsible, protagonist, who is driving along the freeway. He begins daydreaming about a car better than his 58’ Buick, with crushed velvet interior and an FM radio. His daydreaming causes him to hit the car in front of him. The driver of the other car is a naà ¯ve, innocent women, named Mariana. Mariana is on her way to work, driving a car given to her by herRead MoreThe Power of Sexuality in Bel Ami1692 Words   |  7 Pagesdominated Paris in La Belle Epoque. Sex was a commerce, an escape, and a way of life. Its prominence in Parisian culture made sexuality synonymous with power and a tool for obtaining it. The combination of beauty and assertiveness could get you places that hard, honest work simply could not. Both men and women took advantage of this lustful commodityÂâ€"prostitutes and mistresses were seen as status symbols, while flirtatious femme fatales had thei r way with the rich and successful. But love, illustratedRead MoreCompare And Contrast A Rose For Emily And A Good Man Is Hard To Find1000 Words   |  4 PagesRose for Emily,† and Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A good man is hard to find,† both authors present main characters who are contrasting to the people in their society. In Faulkner’s work, Emily Grierson is an outsider because she hides herself from the people in town for more than thirty years. They have no clue that she has kept homers body in her home for so long until the day she dies. Also, in O’Connor’s work, the grandmother describes herself as a Pure, good woman but her actions contradict her by provingRead MoreOConnor and Dagoberto1591 Words   |  6 Pagesunparalleled. Each of them offers a great taste of writing to their readers and their stories sound very pleasant to savor. However, this paper will oppose â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† to â€Å"Love in L.A. † The focus will be on these themes: symbolism, characters, theme, tone, irony and moral code used in them. The demographic location of A Good Man is Hard to Find† is somewhere in Georgia; however, the author does not give all the descriptive information of the location. The story begins in an unnamed city whereRead MoreFriendship Idiom1516 Words   |  7 PagesFriendship â€Å"A true friend is someone who thinks that you are a good egg even though he knows that you are slightly cracked.† –Bernard Meltzer A friend is one who knows us, but loves us anyway. – Fr. Jerome Cumnings Remember, the greatest gift is not found in a store nor under a tree, but in the hearts of true friends. –Cindy Lee Who finds a faithful friends, finds a treasure. – Jewish Saying â€Å"Your friend is the man who knows all about you, and still likes you† –Elbert Hubbard What is a friendRead MoreOf Mice And Men By John Steinbeck1747 Words   |  7 Pagesstarts with the two men going to a new job. George talks to Lennie almost as if Lennie was a child. By the answers and dialogue of Lennie, the readers can infer that he is not normal. George acts like a father to Lennie. George reprimands Lennie for his love of petting soft things because he ends up killing them. Lennie gets sad because he wanted to pet a dead rat and George doesn t allow it. Lennie asks George always to tell him the story of where they will go once they have enough money to buy a houseRead MoreNietzsche Said Whoever Fights Monsters Should See To It1614 Words   |  7 PagesNietzsche said Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And when you look long into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you (Beyond Good and Evil, 146). Most people are convinced that they are the hero or heroine of a story, but if their motives are impure, selfis h, or short sighted; they may very well turn out to be the villain. In the classic gothic novel, The Monk by Matthew Lewis in which several characters’ motives, lives, and deaths becomeRead MoreThe La Santa Muerte1121 Words   |  5 Pagesjudge them for who they are. By this, it is seen that the La Santa Muerte helps fill the void left by society in many transsexuals living across North America. With a lot of people in society discriminating what they do not understand or cannot explain, this makes transsexuals the perfect target for society, with the addition of the Church. Since people cannot explain why there are transsexuals and they do not know about the troubles of how hard it is to be part of this minority, they do not feel thatRead More Rain Main Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesRain Main Rain Man, a film about an exceptional person, portrays the life of Raymond Babbot and his struggle to be understood and loved by his brother Charlie Babbot. This academy award-winning drama stars two incredibly talented actors - Tom Cruise (Charlie) and Dustin Hoffman (Raymond). These two brothers, separated at a young age by Raymond’s exceptional condition, find themselves later in life brought together by their father’s death. The movie grabs the heart of it’s audience inRead MoreA Place Where the Sea Remembers - Short Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesIn A Place Where the Sea Remembers, Sandra Benitez invites us into a mesmerizing world filled with love, anger, tragedy and hope. This rich and bewitching story is a bittersweet portrait of the people in Santiago, a Mexican village by the sea. Each character faces a conflict that affects the course of his or her life. The characters in this conflict are Remedios, la curandera of the small town who listen s to people’s stories and gives them advice, Marta, a 16 year old teenage girl, who was raped

High School Journalism Breaking The Barriers Essay Example For Students

High School Journalism: Breaking The Barriers Essay High School Journalism: Breaking The Barriers Essay Throughout the many trials and tribulations of the adolescent years teenagers try to find many different ways to express themselves and discover who they are. There are different forms of expression including music, art, fashion, and, of course, writing. Whether it is through a personal journal used to express private feelings, or through the high school publications such as the school newspaper or yearbook. These forms of expression give teens an outlet for creativity and a sense of accomplishment. They also teach time management skills such as meeting deadlines, and help develop a work-based environment with other. While these publications remain important to students, school authorities continually challenge them. High school publications are not protected by the first amendment, therefore they are not entitled to free speech. Controversial issues such as homosexuality, teenage pregnancy, and drug issues are forbidden in many high school newspapers because the school officials think it will hurt the schools image, or that it will influence students to make poor decisions. If a student writes about a controversial topic anyway, then it is possible that either their article will not get published, or that the student will be punished for writing dissenting opinions without permission. For example, one high school journalist Mary Margaret Nussbaum came under strong personal attacks from churches and a local family values group after writing a story about the lives of gay teenagers. The family values group took strong action to censor the newspaper by urging the state representative to strengthen not only legislation against first amendment rights in high school publications, but also against homosexuality. While Nussbaum was merely writing the article and did not express any personal opinion in it, she still suffered consequences (McCarthy 3). Another censorship issue came about in Connecticut when a student at Rockville High School, Chris DelVecchio, wrote an editorial stating his opinion on the mayoral candidates. The town committee for the mayor that he spoke against complained and eventually forced the local school board to forbid high school journalists from taking editorial positions on candidates (Featherstone 14). However small these instances may seem, they still pose a larger problem of shaping a new generation of kids that are well informed and should be free to express their opinions, no matter how opposing they may be. Authorities have pressured many high school newspapers so heavily that they have become sort of bulletin boards for positive news. They never explore anything new or exciting, and fail to challenge their readers or authorities in any way (Saltzman 93). High school officials have no problem with their students writing upbeat stores on Homecoming queens or football heroes, but when they step out of the narrow boundaries set for them then the battle begins. Some states have made their public high schools free speech territory on a state level. These states include Arkansas, California, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, and Massachusetts. These states have not yet been challenged with their decisions. Since the Supreme Court case Hazlewood School District v. Kuhlemeier, which gives a looser interpretation to the previous law stating that officials could limit oppression only when it would disrupt the school functions or invade personal rights (Featherstone 14). In a recent poll, respondents from the Scholastic Journalism Division expressed that they feel the Supreme Court should revise its decision and refrain from stopping any publications at all (Dickson 4). While this is one opinion, many feel differently about the issue. High school journalism is a base form of communication between not only teenagers and their peers, but the administrators as well. If it is taken away it not only breaks down communication internally and externally, but builds barriers as well. Peter Singer EssayWorks Cited Dickson, Tom. Preparing scholastic press advisers for roles after Hazlewood decision. Journalism and Mass Communication. V.51 N4. (Winter 1997): p4. 12pp. EbscoHost. MasterFILE Elite. A19182273. Owens Lib.Maryville, MO. 18 Feb. 2000. http://ebsco.more.net Featherstone, Liza. Free Speech: look whos flunking. Columbia Journalism Review. V. 38 I.2 (July 1999): p14. EbscoHost. MasterFILE Elite. A55292333. Owens Lib, Maryville, MO. 18 Feb. 2000. http://ebsco.more.net McCarthy, Colman. Student journalist hears from religious right after story on gay teens. National Catholic Reporter. V.33 N.30 (May 30, 1997): p3. .

Life Essay Example

Life Essay Life in the present is bombarded with many influences that make it difficult to resist no matter how people try not to succumb to the pressures and expectations of society. Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder, but it is another story if the beholders are one’s peers, social group, and parents and even love ones. Beauty will always be skin deep, but what is seen will always be the first to be judged. As persons, an individual evaluates him/her self based on how others respond to him/her. In this society, beauty is defined by what is seen in the outside, the physical attributes are evaluated as attractive, sexy, desirable or fat, big, ugly and gross. Within this context, people develop an unhealthy obsession with their bodies, in order to become good looking and attractive. Obsession with one’s body is a result of social influence, peer pressure and media influence.As a social being, man constantly interact with other people and is both influencing his environment and i s being influenced by it. In the American culture, one’s body is regarded as a personal property; no one can dictate to a person what one wants to do with his/her body and with it comes the personal responsibility in making sure that the body is in its best form. One of the reasons why people become obsessed with the perfect body is because of the many social influences that everyone is constantly being subjected to. An attractive body or physique would mean that an individual has invested in his/her body and that he/she can use it to his/her advantage thus the need to maintain the perfect figure through artificial or natural means. For example, fitness products have become a major player alongside the cosmetics industry, because as one advertisement says, â€Å"maybe she was born with it† and if it isn’t then there is always a cosmetic product or a diet pill that would enhance what she has or eliminate her flaws. Social expectations in the form of how others de fine physical beauty have made us believe that physical beauty is important. Having the perfect body is like having the power to be needed and wanted by others. The attractiveness of the rewards of being physically beautiful and perfect motivates a person to seek means to be beautiful in the eyes of society. Different social groups place a premium on the perfect body, evidence of which is how people react more positively to attractive people. Pretty girls get better service at bars; they get appreciative nods and smiles and are perceived to be confident and witty while hunks get the hot girls, they get better jobs and are popular. Wanting the perfect body may be caused by social expectations, but a more significant cause is peer pressure.Becoming obsessed with having the perfect body can also come from the pressures that a person feels from his/her peer group.   It is within the peer group that a child learns what is valuable and important, when teenage girls have slumber parties, they talk about what is important to them and it is mainly how to be hip and fashionable and they trade secrets in how to keep their hair that way, how to cheat on their weight and how important it is to look good for the boys in order to be popular. When boys get together, they also talk about how girls like boys who have the muscle, who are tall, who are sexy and a stud. Good looking girls and boys who are genetically endowed with the perfect body would not have difficulty in this area but those who are unfortunate to be fat and big may be consumed with the need to have a perfect body. In the peer group, a child or adolescent is continually evaluated based on their own concept of what a perfect body is and if they somehow fall short of what is desired then they are consumed in finding the means to change their appearance and body. A girl who has been teased about her nose because it is not the perfect shape may become obsessed with how to enhance or hide it and if all else fails then the answer is cosmetic surgery.   The pressure from the peer group to look perfect is very real and adolescents are very susceptible to live up to the pressure because it would ensure their belongingness to the group.Lastly, a significant cause of obsession with one’s body are found in the media, the   influence of the media is so pervasive and it constantly sends out the message that physical beauty will make people rich and successful and it promotes an unhealthy concept of beauty that is based on physical attributes only. Browse through a magazine and almost half of the entire magazine is made up of advertisements that depict the perfect body as slim, lean, and well proportioned, have great skin and attractive features. Movies and television shows always depict celebrities who are perfect in every way and these celebrities make it a point to be beautiful and fashionable, to be fit and alluring. They endorse products, diets and exercise routines to help achieve the perfect body, they are saying that if you want to become a celebrity, look at me!   Clothes modeled on the runway or even in the mannequins of Sears and Wal-Mart are often made for thin women and slim men, indirectly it is telling people that fat and big people are an anomaly and they should be concerned with their bodies if they want to feel good about themselves.In conclusion, it can be seen that all the messages and influences that a person receives directly or indirectly from social expectations and the media in the importance of having the perfect body have made people develop the obsession to have a perfect body. Obsessions in having the perfect body may take the form of wanting to change a body part, have rigid and extreme exercise routines, invest in cosmetic surgery, use make-up extensively, and have implants and others. The peer group exerts pressure to its members to have the perfect body as it is often the standard at which group belongingness is judged. Becoming obse ssed with physical beauty is a result of the premium that is placed on how a person looks and the consequences associated with it.

Personal Leadership Plan Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction It is interesting what perchance Oprah is truly similar when she handles the daily operation of her companies. Everyone virtually knows Oprah Winfrey whose net worth harmonizing to Forbes magazine is estimated at $ 725 million. One of the richest people n the universe. she has people who work for her and do her companies running swimmingly. What is her leading like and is at that place a possibility that her efforts can be duplicated? ( Koehn. et Al. . 2003 ) . Organizations today place great accent on happening and developing leaders at all degrees – from supervisor to president. Indeed. a major part of all choice and preparation activity is devoted to leading ; the success or failure of any organisation depends in big step. on the quality of its leaders. Some analysts believe that the basic difference between a successful and an unsuccessful organisation is its leading. All types of organisation – concern and industry – acknowledge the importance of the leading map ( Halloran. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Leadership Plan Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1987 ) . One-half of all new concerns fail within their first two old ages and merely one 3rd survive five old ages. In most instances. the concern failures are caused by hapless leading. It is non surprising so. that organisations engage in extended hunts for new methods of choosing and developing their directors and executives and for doing the best usage of their leading abilities once they are on the occupation. Because executives are so extremely valued. they are offered incentives to fall in and stay with company-stock options and other moneymaking periphery benefits. comfy expense histories. and extravagantly decorated offices ( Halloran. 1987 ) . Discussion My ain leading manner is the democratic type. I shall depict the nature of this leading manner along with its of import leading traits and behaviours. ~The Democratic Leadership This type of leading is merely the antonym of the autocratic. The democratic leader takes into consideration the human component with all its complexnesss. Here the leader stimulates group attempts and cooperation. He believes that the members should take portion in decision-making. particularly on things that affect the group. All policies are therefore the merchandise of group thought and activities. He welcomes suggestions. listens to ailments and is prompt in taking attention of them. He. nevertheless. avoids giving excess privileges to certain members who seek them. particularly when they are non meriting. Peoples working under him are by and large loyal to him because he is considerate and personally helpful. They are loyal to the cause of the concern he represents. because being a theoretical account. they want to copy him ( Koehn. et Al. . 2003 ) . The effectivity of a leader is dependent upon everything he does that contributes to cementing the bonds between him and his subsidiaries. Everything the leader does in his function as trainer. instructor. decision maker. commanding officer. or counsellor either contributes to or detracts from the entirety of the relationship. In the democratic type of leading the three chief and distinguishable facets of democratic leading are of import to the whole scenario of running a group and whatever that group is intended to bring forth. These facets pointed out are equated as the acting of the three maps: ( 1 ) distributing to the members assorted duties. doing these members capable or authorising them. and helping in the group’s procedure of doing important determinations ( Gastil. 1994 ) . Analyzing Oprah Winfrey’s manner nevertheless. many authors and perceivers say that her manner of leading is frequently described as thereliabletype where she invariably communicates the existent occurrences in her life and relates these to her concern traffics or minutess. most particularly in the manner she handles those who work for her. Although no specific manner was mentioned in the surveies made on her personality and taking her people. the traits that are fund in Oprah are besides deserving emulating and incorporated in manner I ab initio opted to do my ain. Oprah possesses the capableness to â€Å"filter endowment and acknowledge marketability in people. thoughts and merchandises. Because she tends to be vulnerable. disclosure and transparent in her traffics with the people under her. many of those who see her normally are attracted to her personal appeal and compassion. In the democratic type of leading. it would be more worthwhile when the leader has the personal a ppeal and compassion. Oprah is besides really passionate ; she communicates her emotionalism efficaciously across a assortment of media channels. She is besides an hardworking individual. who neer cease to take the excellent and performs in the degree every bit good ( Koehn. et Al. . 2003 ) . As a leader and director. the duties I face with those I will be working with are non as easy particularly that of course. a individual is complex as he is entirely. When he is within a group. the complexnesss are more apparent. Leaderships so should hold greater capacity to be considerate: being cognizant and sensitive to the feelings of subsidiaries. I believe that leaders must see members of the organisation as alone individuals. each with their alone set of motives. feelings and demands. This places a great demand on the understanding. heat and apprehension of directors because they must. at the same clip. keep production degrees and trade with the proficient inside informations of the plant’s operation ( Halloran. 2003 ) . . Integrating the features and maps so. as a leader. I am more competent when I: Decision The ground for my pick of democratic leading is that my personality fits better to this sort of leading. I believe I will boom here and people will listen better at what I am stating. Furthermore. though there are realistic troubles that might happen with this type. it is still the most effectual. A leader with this type of push may confront jobs such as the chance that drastic alterations may convey discontent and division among the population. The leader may confront shared leading with subsidiaries typical in this type of leading. There could be a loss of authorization and position for the leader. endangering his high quality. The grade of engagement makes a difference by and large among the leading manners. How much I allow subsidiaries to lend into the leading procedure depends on the leader and how much he believes in the efficaciousness of the manner. Mention: Gastil. John. 1994. â€Å"A Definition and Illustration of Democratic Leadership†Human Relations.Vol. 47. No. 8. . 47. No. 8. 953-975 DOI: 10. 1177/001872679404700805. The Tavistock Institute. Halloran. Jack. 1987.Applied Human Relations.New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. Koehn. Nancy. Erica Helms. Edrienne Brandon and Mia Mends. 2003.Oprah Winfrey: A Case Study Comes Alive.Harvard Business Working Knowledge. Laird. Donald A. et Al. 1975.Human Relations and Motivation.5ThursdayEd. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.

Medicare United States Essay Example

Medicare United States Essay Example Medicare United States Paper Medicare United States Paper The government program which provides health insurance coverage to people 65 years and over in the United States is known as Medicare. Medicare is a single player health care system. A single player health care system is a system under which health care providers are only paid from a single fund. This system is considered to be a system of universal health care. It was signed into law on 30th July, 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a change to the social security legislation. When it was ratified President Johnson presented former President Harry S.  Truman with the first Medicare card making him the first beneficiary of Medicare in the United States (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). The true history of the program however goes back to 1945 when then President Harry S. Truman requested congress to create a national health insurance program. Due to the opposition of the Soviets at the time and rejection of communism, the dangers of socialized medicine were fiercely debated for the next 20 years. By the end of his term Truman backed away from his plan for universal health care. However, his rivals in the social security administration and other sections of government ran with the idea of insuring social security benefactors. When it was signed into law as part of Lyndon Johnson’s great society the Medicare Part B premium was three dollars a month. Part B premium serves the outpatient basis of the medical insurance and is geared towards those individuals who are retired or no longer working. Then in 1972 the program was expanded to include disabled individuals who were under 65 years of age and those with end stage renal disease were also enabled to receive coverage. It also expanded to include chiropractic services and other forms of therapy such as speech and physical therapy. This was also the year that payment to health maintenance organizations began and the supplemental security income for the elderly and disabled poor was established to automatically give these recipients coverage under Medicare. In 1982 the program expanded to include hospice treatments on a temporary basis to assess the financial costs of these institutions. The benefits would not become a permanently ratified until 1986. Then in 1983 they changed their system of payment from one of reasonable cost to a case by case basis based on the diagnosis for in-patients in hospitals. In 1984 the President, federal employees, members of congress and federal judiciary also became covered by Medicare. In 1988 a major overhaul of the Medicare program was made in order to provide benefits for life threatening illnesses and prescription medication, it was cancelled the very next year. This was followed by coverage for routine mammographies in the same year. The next year coverage for pap smears started and physicians were now paid based on their schedules. In 1997 the balanced budget act was passed which enabled various providers from Medicare to have their funding reduced. This was enacted under the Medicare choice program which provided advantages to those individuals who are financially burdened. However, congress soon revisited this act due to pressure in 1999 and passed the Balanced Budget reform act which returns some of the cuts to the providers. These returns were increased by the 2000 Budget improvement and protection act (SeniorJournal. com, 2001). Thus, in 2000 the Medicare Choice final rule took effect. At this time the Medicare Part B premium was at forty five dollars and forty cents a month. Inaugurating it in 2001 and launching it in 2002 Medicare started a new program known as Quality Initiative. This was a new program which encompassed not only quality monitoring by independent surveyors. But also pay for performance plan along with the hospital compare website. They also eventually revealed that they would no longer offer payment for treatment of hospital acquired infections and problematic hospital events. In 2006 they began a prescription drug coverage program. This at a monthly premium puts individuals on a drug plan to cover their drug costs. The current premium for Medicare part B is ninety six dollars and forty cents per month (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005) (Medicare, 2009). A look at the government website for Medicare and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid do not reveal the mission statement for the organization. What is present however is what the program actually entails in terms of services. As mentioned before Medicare is a health insurance program for people of ages 65 and over who may have certain disabilities and also those of all ages with End Stage Renal Disease. It provides three types of insurance. Part A is hospital insurance which covers the costs of hospital care, hospice care and inpatient care. It may not be required to be paid if the payroll tax of an individual pays for it. Part B medical insurance is the type which covers outpatient care and doctors services. It also covers certain other physical and occupational therapies in health care and is bought with a monthly premium. The third is prescription drug coverage which covers the individual’s drug plan for a monthly premium (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2005). In terms of the criminal justice system Medicare does not pay for those individuals who have been sent to prison since they lose their social security on incarceration. However if an individual pays their premiums for Medicare B directly they are still eligible for the program. Otherwise their Medicare benefits will run out in 3 months. They also lose coverage under the drug prescription plan. In the case of individuals who are in psychological institutions for the criminally insane and in nursing homes serving out their sentence are covered under the Medicare part B program (Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, 2009). If we look at the financial records of Medicare for the past three years, i. e. from 2007 to 2009 we find that Medicare has faced striking loses and financial challenges. According to the April 2007 report the Health Insurance Trust Fund which gives finances to part A of the Medicare plan will no longer be viable after the next 20 years. Meaning it will dry out in 2019. Once it is gone Medicare will turn to payroll taxes to cover the costs of 79% of part A. The 2007 report was also the first one which included the Medicare funding warning. This was due to the fact that this was the second report which stated that the in the next seven years 45% of all funding for Medicare would come from common revenues (Aflcio. org, 2007). The 2008 financial report contained information which stated that the estimated health insurance deficit over the next 75 years was expected to be around thirteen trillion dollars. To eliminate this problem the only foreseen solution was to increase payroll taxes by 122% or to reduce benefits by 51% or some combination of both and that failure to do so would result in even greater increases and reductions. The report also spoke of the problems of the long term sustainability of Medicare with the rising cost of Health Care in the United States. The report also stated that due to these expenses Medicare would continue to be a burden, relying on the country’s GDP to function. They said that Medicare spent 3. 2% of the country’s GDP in 2007 and is estimated to spend 6. 3% in 2030 and 10. 7% in 2080 (American Academy of Actuaries , 2008). In 2009, the report once again showed the financial failings of the Medicare organization. It now reported that the Health Insurance fund would empty out in 2017 two years sooner than predicted in 2008. The report also said that the benefits given out by hospitals this year will outpace the earnings to such an extent that it will result in bankruptcy by 2017. This year they said that the Health Insurance deficit would require an immediate 134% increase in payroll and 53% reduction in benefits or some combination of the two with the total deficit over the next 75 years totaling 14 trillion dollars (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). A critical analysis of the effectiveness of Medicare finds that Medicare has failed to perform adequately for several years and its performance in the 2009 fiscal year was not satisfactory. Not only have they not taken any steps to curtail the projected deficit. Since 2004 the costs of the Medicare program have exceeded income from payroll tax revenue forcing the program to rely on interest earnings to help pay benefits. Furthermore immediate action needs to be taken to insure that the Health Insurance Trust Fund which is on it way to depletion in 2017 is preserved. As the reliance of Medicare on GDP grows it is predicted that social security costs will grow along with it. This is because after 2010 the number of people receiving benefits through Medicare and social security will sharply increase. It is expected that the part B premiums will increase in the ensuing years as beneficiaries will have to pay more due to ever increasing health costs. However, by law since the Part B premium cannot exceed the cost of living adjustment provided by social security. Thus, nearly 75% of the Medicare beneficiaries will not pay increased premiums placing the financial burdens on the rest of the 25% of the population (American Academy of Actuaries, 2009). It is also expected that since the prescription drug plan is not subjected to any legislation, the prices for its premiums will dramatically increase over the next few years. The current business model employed by Medicare quite frankly is a disaster of epic proportions. With the current recession of the economy in the United States and the ever increasing cost of health care, it is not conceivable for Medicare to maintain any form of profitability or stability long term in this market. Not only that but shareholder and consumer confidence along with an overwhelmingly negative perception of the general public will curtail any efforts by Medicare to rectify its earning procedures for years to come. Thus eventually Medicare will not only become unsustainable for its beneficiaries but also for the federal government. Since the substantial increase in health care cost and increasing complexities of the health care system will be a dominant force in the industry over the next few years. It is essential that Medicare streamline its operation and keep costs down while keeping consumer confidence up. In order to do this they must completely abandon the current Modus operandi they have adopted and turn towards creating a new plan that is customized towards providing a standard form of service rather than awarding cash on a performance basis. Additionally, they must insure that their new programs are not only more streamlined but are also created to insure the best health care possible for their consumers. It is inevitable that the price of the Medicare premiums will increase over the next few years. However, if Medicare changes its modes of operation from stressing quick cures to instead creating an emphasis on primary prevention the long term benefits on the civilian population and the organization will be incalculable. It is through this means that they will create a more standardized approach towards medicine and prevent the occurrence of more life threatening diseases that are considered a financial black hole. Meaning these diseases require years of funding to treat patients with no guarantee of recovery. However, it is much more likely that Medicare wills continues it current mode of operations and will continue to employ the use of the failed Quality Initiative. With increasing Job losses and a recessive economy it is doubtful that the organization will find its way back to profitability and become free of the aid it is receiving from the GDP of the United States and the Health Insurance Fund. Additionally it is conceivable that Medicare will abandon all the programs it consider non essential. Among those will be programs which are geared towards the medical aid of felons or sex offenders. It is possible that the health benefits afforded to senior citizens in nursing homes may be revoked in an effort to increase funding for the organization. It is equally plausible that Medicare will possibly outsource some of its businesses to local prisons such as their help lines and customer relations due to budget concerns and deficits. However, it is inevitable that in the end no amount of funds will help the organization return to a mode of profitability. It has been suggested by the republican body recently that it may be more prudent for congress to scrap the program completely in favor of a more contemporary approach. In my opinion I believe that is a much better option over the wait and see approach the Medicare has obviously adopted over the last few years. It is true that an immediate increase in payroll tax and an immediate reduction in benefits will alleviate the actuarial balance within the next few decades. However, the long term sustainability of such a plan is whimsical at best. Additionally one must consider if the longitivity of this organization is based solely on the success of these factors, then their increase within the next few decades is assured creating a greater burden on the populace. The financial difficulties that face Medicare today are not as simple as they appear. Nonetheless it is apparent that reform of the organization is essential to its long term survival. Its biggest concern is sustenance without sacrificing the quality of care of its individual. However, with ever increasing cost of health in the United States, its possible that might just happen. References Aflcio. org. (2007). Medicares Financial Condition. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Aflcio. org: aflcio. org/issues/healthcare/financial. cfm American Academy of Actuaries . (2008, March). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance . Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries : actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_08. pdf American Academy of Actuaries. (2009, May). Medicares Financial Condtion: Beyond Actuarial Balance. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from American Academy of Actuaries: actuary. org/pdf/medicare/trustees_09. pdf Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law. (2009). Bazelon Center Fact Sheet Medicare p. 2. Retrieved May 30, 2009, from Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law: bazelon. org/pdf/Factsheet-Medicare. pdf Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2005, December 14). Overview. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: cms. hhs. gov/MedicareGenInfo/ Medicare. (2009). Medicare premiums and coinsurance rates for 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from Medicare: http://questions. medicare. gov/cgi-bin/medicare. cfg/php/enduser/std_adp. php? p_faqid=2100 SeniorJournal. com. (2001). Brief History of the Medicare Program. Retrieved May 29, 2009, from SeniorJournal. com: http://seniorjournal. com/NEWS/2000%20Files/Aug%2000/FTR-08-04-00MedCarHistry. htm

The Role of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The Role of Marketing - Essay Example The intimate, and inextricable, connection between organisational success and marketing, insofar as the primary objective of the former is to ensure the latter through the creation and maximization of well-targeted demand, is a historically undeniable reality, amply supported by a wealth of empirical evidence (Church, 1999). The undeniable centrality of marketing communication to organisational success functioned as the basis for the embrace of marketing by academia and the evolution of marketing as an academic field within management sciences (Cohen, 1966). Earlier perceptions of marketing as interchangeable with advertising, with the former being defined simply as a strategy to attract consumer interest in a product, have fundamentally changed. Marketing has, ever since the mid-1960s, been recognized as a complex methodology for the fulfilment of an organization's strategic objectives, insofar as sales, the expansion of market shares, and organisational growth are concerned. As such, and within the context of the aforementioned definition for marketing, the former evolved into a science embracing methodologies for market analysis and study; strategies for the identification of the most susceptible consumer groups/target audience; and countless theories on effective communication strategies and tools f or the engendering of consumer interest and product/service demand (Cohen, 1966; Dibb and Simkin, 1994). In other words, the increasing recognition of marketing as the key to organisational success has led to its embrace by academia and its subsequent evolution into a science,' designed to articulate a set of strategies, tools and methodologies as would ensure organisational success through marketing. There is no doubt that recent technological innovations in communication sciences, bordering on the revolutionary, have significantly redefined marketing strategies and media. Marketing has not only expanded beyond the local to embrace the global but marketing media and strategies have undergone revolutionary transformations consequent to the evolution of variant forms of electronic media, from the radio to the internet (Wehner, 2001). Marketing, as a communications strategy designed to inform consumers of the availability of particular products and persuade the market of the utility of these products, has evolved into integrated marketing.'